Publications

Publications:

Preprints

Measurement of cellular traction forces during confined migration. Hockenberry MA, Ulmer AJ, Rapp JL, Leibfarth FA, Bear JE, Legant WR. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.27.615466.
Mapping the nuclear landscape with multiplexed super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Rahman F, Augoustides V, Tyler E, Daugird TA, Arthur C, Legant WR. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.27.605159.
A series of spontaneously blinking dyes for super-resolution microscopy. Holland KL, Plutkis SE, Daugird TA, Sau A, Grimm JB, English BP, Zheng Q, Dave S, Rahman F, Xie L Dong P, Tkachuk AN, Brown TA, Singer TH, Liu Z, Galbraith CG, Musser SM, Legant WR, Lavis LD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.23.581625

2024

Cell dynamics revealed by microscopy advances. Hockenberry MA, Daugird TA, Legant WR. Cell dynamics revealed by microscopy advances. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2024 Aug 18;90:102418. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102418.
Shared and redundant proteins coordinate signal cross-talk between MAPK pathways in yeast. Zhang S, Wang H, Sipko EL, Li S, Daugird TA, Legant WR, Dohlman HG. J Biomed Mol Biol Cell. 2024 Jul 31:mbcE24060270. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E24-06-0270.
Posterior approach to correct for focal plane offsets in lattice light-sheet structured illumination microscopy. Shi Y, Daugird TA, Legant WR. J Biomed Opt. 2024 Aug;29(8):086502. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086502.
Correlative single molecule lattice light sheet imaging reveals the dynamic relationship between nucleosomes and the local chromatin environment. Daugird TA, Shi Y, Holland KL, Rostamian H, Liu Z, Lavis LD, Rodriguez J, Strahl BD, Legant WR. Nat Commun. 2024 May 16;15(1):4178. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48562-0.
Smart lattice light-sheet microscopy for imaging rare and complex cellular events. Shi Y, Tabet JS, Milkie DE, Daugird TA, Yang CQ, Ritter AT, Giovannucci A, Legant WR. Nat Methods. 2024 Jan 2;. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-02126-0.

2023

Patient-derived extracellular matrix demonstrates role of COL3A1 in blood vessel mechanics. Doherty EL, Aw WY, Warren EC, Hockenberry M, Whitworth CP, Krohn G, Howell S, Diekman BO, Legant WR, Nia HT, Hickey AJ, Polacheck WJ. Acta Biomater. 2023 Aug;166:346-359.
u-track3D: Measuring, navigating, and validating dense particle trajectories in three dimensions. Roudot P, Legant WR, Zou Q, Dean KM, Isogai T, Welf ES, David AF, Gerlich DW, Fiolka R, Betzig E, Danuser G. Cell Rep Methods. 2023 Dec 18;3(12).

2022

Cells in the mechanical spotlight. Hockenberry MA, Legant WR. Biophysical Journal. 2022; 121(19)
A quantitative analysis of various patterns applied in lattice light sheet microscopy. Shi Y, Daugird TA, Legant WR. Nature Communications. 2022; 13(1)
Coro1B and coro1C regulate lamellipodia dynamics and cell motility by tuning branched actin turnover. King ZT, Butler MT, Hockenberry MA, Subramanian BC, Siesser PF, Graham DM, Legant WR, Bear JE. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2022; 221(8)
Super-resolution microscopy reveals actomyosin dynamics in medioapical arrays. Moore RP, Fogerson SM, Tulu US, Yu JW, Cox AH, Sican MA, Li D, Legant WR, Weigel AV, Crawford JM, Betzig E, Kiehart DP. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2022; Epub ahead of print

2021

A multi-functional microfluidic device compatible with widefield and light sheet microscopy. Moore RP, O’Shaughnessy EC, Shi Y, Nogueira AT, Heath KM, Hahn KM, Legant WR. Lab Chip. 2021; 22(1):136
Deep learning enables fast and dense single-molecule localization with high accuracy. Speiser A, Müller LR, Hoess P, Matti U, Obara CJ, Legant WR, Kreshuk A, Macke JH, Ries J, Turaga SC. Nature Methods. 2021; 18(9):1082
Phase separation drives aberrant chromatin looping and cancer development. Ahn JH, Davis ES, Daugird TA, Zhao S, Quiroga IY, Uryu H, Li J, Storey AJ, Tsai YH, Keeley DP, Mackintosh SG, Edmondson RD, Byrum SD, Cai L, Tackett AJ, Zheng D, Legant WR, Phanstiel DH, Wang GG. Nature. 2021; 595(7868):591

2020

3D ATAC-PALM: super-resolution imaging of the accessible genome. Xie L, Dong P, Chen X, Hsieh TS, Banala S, De Marzio M, English BP, Qi Y, Jung SK, Kieffer-Kwon KR, Legant WR, Hansen AS, Schulmann A, Casellas R, Zhang B, Betzig E, Lavis LD, Chang HY, Tjian R, Liu Z. Nature Methods. 2020; 17(4):430

2019

Software for lattice light-sheet imaging of FRET biosensors, illustrated with a new RAP1 biosensor. O’Shaughnessy EC, Stone OJ, LaFosse PK, Azoitei ML, Tsygankov D, Heddleston JM, Legant WR, Wittchen ES, Burridge K, Elston TC, Betzig E, Chew TL, Adalsteinsson D, Hahn KM. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2019; 218(9):3153
Augmin accumulation on long-lived microtubules drives amplification and kinetochore-directed growth. David AF, Roudot P, Legant WR, Betzig E, Danuser G, Gerlich DW. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2019; 218(7):2150
High-resolution imaging reveals how the spindle midzone impacts chromosome movement. Pamula MC, Carlini L, Forth S, Verma P, Suresh S, Legant WR, Khodjakov A, Betzig E, Kapoor TM. Journal of Cell Biology. 2019; 218(8):2529

2018

Improving probes for super-resolution. Moore RP, Legant WR, Nature Methods. 2018; 15(9):659-660

2017

Applying systems-level spectral imaging and analysis to reveal the organelle interactome. Valm AM, Cohen S, Legant WR, Melunis J, Hershberg U, Wait E, Cohen AR, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Nature. 2017; 546(7656):162-167

2016

Membrane dynamics of dividing cells imaged by lattice light-sheet microscopy. Aguet F, Upadhyayula S, Gaudin R, Chou YY, Cocucci E, He K, Chen BC, Mosaliganti K, Pasham M, Skillern W, Legant WR, Liu TL, Findlay G, Marino E, Danuser G, Megason S, Betzig E, Kirchhausen T. Molecular biology of the cell. 2016; 27(22):3418-3435.

Increased spatiotemporal resolution reveals highly dynamic dense tubular matrices in the peripheral ER. Nixon-Abell J, Obara CJ, Weigel AV, Li D, Legant WR, Xu CS, Pasolli HA, Harvey K, Hess HF, Betzig E, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2016; 354(6311).

Real-time imaging of Huntingtin aggregates diverting target search and gene transcription. Li L, Liu H, Dong P, Li D, Legant WR, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R, Liu Z. eLife. 2016; 5.
High-density three-dimensional localization microscopy across large volumes. Legant WR, Shao L, Grimm JB, Brown TA, Milkie DE, Avants BB, Lavis LD, Betzig E. Nature methods. 2016; 13(4):359-65.
Flagellar membrane fusion and protein exchange in trypanosomes; a new form of cell-cell communication? Imhof S, Fragoso C, Hemphill A, von Schubert C, Li D, Legant W, Betzig E, Roditi I. F1000Research. 2016; 5:682.

2015

Three-dimensional tracking of plus-tips by lattice light-sheet microscopy permits the quantification of microtubule growth trajectories within the mitotic apparatus. Yamashita N, Morita M, Legant WR, Chen BC, Betzig E, Yokota H, Mimori-Kiyosue Y. Journal of biomedical optics. 2015; 20(10):101206.
Asymmetric formation of coated pits on dorsal and ventral surfaces at the leading edges of motile cells and on protrusions of immobile cells. Kural C, Akatay AA, Gaudin R, Chen BC, Legant WR, Betzig E, Kirchhausen T. Molecular biology of the cell. 2015; 26(11):2044-53.
Actin depletion initiates events leading to granule secretion at the immunological synapse. Ritter AT, Asano Y, Stinchcombe JC, Dieckmann NM, Chen BC, Gawden-Bone C, van Engelenburg S, Legant W, Gao L, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Griffiths GM. Immunity. 2015; 42(5):864-76.

2014

3D imaging of Sox2 enhancer clusters in embryonic stem cells. Liu Z, Legant WR, Chen BC, Li L, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R. eLife. 2014; 3:e04236.

Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution. Chen BC, Legant WR, Wang K, Shao L, Milkie DE, Davidson MW, Janetopoulos C, Wu XS, Hammer JA 3rd, Liu Z, English BP, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Romero DP, Ritter AT, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fritz-Laylin L, Mullins RD, Mitchell DM, Bembenek JN, Reymann AC, Böhme R, Grill SW, Wang JT, Seydoux G, Tulu US, Kiehart DP, Betzig E. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2014; 346(6208):1257998.

Single-molecule dynamics of enhanceosome assembly in embryonic stem cells. Chen J, Zhang Z, Li L, Chen BC, Revyakin A, Hajj B, Legant W, Dahan M, Lionnet T, Betzig E, Tjian R, Liu Z. Cell. 2014; 156(6):1274-1285.

Microfabrication of a platform to measure and manipulate the mechanics of engineered microtissues. Ramade A, Legant WR, Picart C, Chen CS, Boudou T. Methods in cell biology. 2014; 121:191-211.

2013

Degradation-mediated cellular traction directs stem cell fate in covalently crosslinked three-dimensional hydrogels. Khetan S, Guvendiren M, Legant WR, Cohen DM, Chen CS, Burdick JA. Nature materials. 2013; 12(5):458-65.
Multidimensional traction force microscopy reveals out-of-plane rotational moments about focal adhesions. Legant WR, Choi CK, Miller JS, Shao L, Gao L, Betzig E, Chen CS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013; 110(3):881-6.
Development and characterization of a 3D multicell microtissue culture model of airway smooth muscle. West AR, Zaman N, Cole DJ, Walker MJ, Legant WR, Boudou T, Chen CS, Favreau JT, Gaudette GR, Cowley EA, Maksym GN. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. 2013; 304(1):L4-16.
Carbofluoresceins and carborhodamines as scaffolds for high-contrast fluorogenic probes. Grimm JB, Sung AJ, Legant WR, Hulamm P, Matlosz SM, Betzig E, Lavis LD. ACS chemical biology. 2013; 8(6):1303-10.

2012

Force-induced fibronectin assembly and matrix remodeling in a 3D microtissue model of tissue morphogenesis. Legant WR, Chen CS, Vogel V. Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 2012; 4(10):1164-74.
A microfabricated platform to measure and manipulate the mechanics of engineered cardiac microtissues. Boudou T, Legant WR, Mu A, Borochin MA, Thavandiran N, Radisic M, Zandstra PW, Epstein JA, Margulies KB, Chen CS. Tissue engineering. Part A. 2012; 18(9-10):910-9.
Physically-induced cytoskeleton remodeling of cells in three-dimensional culture. Lee SL, Nekouzadeh A, Butler B, Pryse KM, McConnaughey WB, Nathan AC, Legant WR, Schaefer PM, Pless RB, Elson EL, Genin GM. PloS one. 2012; 7(12):e45512.

2011

Diffusion of MMPs on the surface of collagen fibrils: the mobile cell surface-collagen substratum interface. Collier IE, Legant W, Marmer B, Lubman O, Saffarian S, Wakatsuki T, Elson E, Goldberg GI. PloS one. 2011; 6(9):e24029.

2010

Measurement of mechanical tractions exerted by cells in three-dimensional matrices. Legant WR, Miller JS, Blakely BL, Cohen DM, Genin GM, Chen CS. Nature methods. 2010; 7(12):969-71.
Bioactive hydrogels made from step-growth derived PEG-peptide macromers. Miller JS, Shen CJ, Legant WR, Baranski JD, Blakely BL, Chen CS. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(13):3736-43.

2009

Microfabricated tissue gauges to measure and manipulate forces from 3D microtissues. Legant WR, Pathak A, Yang MT, Deshpande VS, McMeeking RM, Chen CS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106(25):10097-102.
High-throughput measurements of hydrogel tissue construct mechanics. Marquez JP, Legant W, Lam V, Cayemberg A, Elson E, Wakatsuki T. Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods. 2009; 15(2):181-90.

<2008

Microfabricated post-array-detectors (mPADs): an approach to isolate mechanical forces. Desai R, Yang M, Sniadecki N, Legant W, Chen C. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. 2007; (7):311.

Publications:

Preprints

Measurement of cellular traction forces during confined migration. Hockenberry MA, Ulmer AJ, Rapp JL, Leibfarth FA, Bear JE, Legant WR. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.27.615466.

Mapping the nuclear landscape with multiplexed super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Rahman F, Augoustides V, Tyler E, Daugird TA, Arthur C, Legant WR. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.27.605159.

2024

Cell dynamics revealed by microscopy advances. Hockenberry MA, Daugird TA, Legant WR. Cell dynamics revealed by microscopy advances. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2024 Aug 18;90:102418. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102418.

Shared and redundant proteins coordinate signal cross-talk between MAPK pathways in yeast. Zhang S, Wang H, Sipko EL, Li S, Daugird TA, Legant WR, Dohlman HG. J Biomed Mol Biol Cell. 2024 Jul 31:mbcE24060270. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E24-06-0270.

Posterior approach to correct for focal plane offsets in lattice light-sheet structured illumination microscopy. Shi Y, Daugird TA, Legant WR. J Biomed Opt. 2024 Aug;29(8):086502. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086502.

Smart lattice light-sheet microscopy for imaging rare and complex cellular events. Shi Y, Tabet JS, Milkie DE, Daugird TA, Yang CQ, Ritter AT, Giovannucci A, Legant WR. Nat Methods. 2024 Jan 2;. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-02126-0.

2023

Patient-derived extracellular matrix demonstrates role of COL3A1 in blood vessel mechanics. Doherty EL, Aw WY, Warren EC, Hockenberry M, Whitworth CP, Krohn G, Howell S, Diekman BO, Legant WR, Nia HT, Hickey AJ, Polacheck WJ. Acta Biomater. 2023 Aug;166:346-359.

u-track3D: Measuring, navigating, and validating dense particle trajectories in three dimensions. Roudot P, Legant WR, Zou Q, Dean KM, Isogai T, Welf ES, David AF, Gerlich DW, Fiolka R, Betzig E, Danuser G. Cell Rep Methods. 2023 Dec 18;3(12).

2022

Cells in the mechanical spotlight. Hockenberry MA, Legant WR. Biophysical Journal. 2022; 121(19)

A quantitative analysis of various patterns applied in lattice light sheet microscopy. Shi Y, Daugird TA, Legant WR. Nature Communications. 2022; 13(1)

Coro1B and coro1C regulate lamellipodia dynamics and cell motility by tuning branched actin turnover. King ZT, Butler MT, Hockenberry MA, Subramanian BC, Siesser PF, Graham DM, Legant WR, Bear JE. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2022; 221(8)

Super-resolution microscopy reveals actomyosin dynamics in medioapical arrays. Moore RP, Fogerson SM, Tulu US, Yu JW, Cox AH, Sican MA, Li D, Legant WR, Weigel AV, Crawford JM, Betzig E, Kiehart DP. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2022; Epub ahead of print

2021

A multi-functional microfluidic device compatible with widefield and light sheet microscopy. Moore RP, O’Shaughnessy EC, Shi Y, Nogueira AT, Heath KM, Hahn KM, Legant WR. Lab Chip. 2021; 22(1):136

Deep learning enables fast and dense single-molecule localization with high accuracy. Speiser A, Müller LR, Hoess P, Matti U, Obara CJ, Legant WR, Kreshuk A, Macke JH, Ries J, Turaga SC. Nature Methods. 2021; 18(9):1082

Phase separation drives aberrant chromatin looping and cancer development. Ahn JH, Davis ES, Daugird TA, Zhao S, Quiroga IY, Uryu H, Li J, Storey AJ, Tsai YH, Keeley DP, Mackintosh SG, Edmondson RD, Byrum SD, Cai L, Tackett AJ, Zheng D, Legant WR, Phanstiel DH, Wang GG. Nature. 2021; 595(7868):591

2020

3D ATAC-PALM: super-resolution imaging of the accessible genome. Xie L, Dong P, Chen X, Hsieh TS, Banala S, De Marzio M, English BP, Qi Y, Jung SK, Kieffer-Kwon KR, Legant WR, Hansen AS, Schulmann A, Casellas R, Zhang B, Betzig E, Lavis LD, Chang HY, Tjian R, Liu Z. Nature Methods. 2020; 17(4):430

2019

Augmin accumulation on long-lived microtubules drives amplification and kinetochore-directed growth. David AF, Roudot P, Legant WR, Betzig E, Danuser G, Gerlich DW. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2019; 218(7):2150

High-resolution imaging reveals how the spindle midzone impacts chromosome movement. Pamula MC, Carlini L, Forth S, Verma P, Suresh S, Legant WR, Khodjakov A, Betzig E, Kapoor TM. Journal of Cell Biology. 2019; 218(8):2529

2018

Improving probes for super-resolution. Moore RP, Legant WR, Nature Methods. 2018; 15(9):659-660

2017

Applying systems-level spectral imaging and analysis to reveal the organelle interactome. Valm AM, Cohen S, Legant WR, Melunis J, Hershberg U, Wait E, Cohen AR, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Nature. 2017; 546(7656):162-167

2016

Increased spatiotemporal resolution reveals highly dynamic dense tubular matrices in the peripheral ER. Nixon-Abell J, Obara CJ, Weigel AV, Li D, Legant WR, Xu CS, Pasolli HA, Harvey K, Hess HF, Betzig E, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2016; 354(6311).

Real-time imaging of Huntingtin aggregates diverting target search and gene transcription. Li L, Liu H, Dong P, Li D, Legant WR, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R, Liu Z. eLife. 2016; 5.

High-density three-dimensional localization microscopy across large volumes. Legant WR, Shao L, Grimm JB, Brown TA, Milkie DE, Avants BB, Lavis LD, Betzig E. Nature methods. 2016; 13(4):359-65.

Flagellar membrane fusion and protein exchange in trypanosomes; a new form of cell-cell communication? Imhof S, Fragoso C, Hemphill A, von Schubert C, Li D, Legant W, Betzig E, Roditi I. F1000Research. 2016; 5:682.

2015

Three-dimensional tracking of plus-tips by lattice light-sheet microscopy permits the quantification of microtubule growth trajectories within the mitotic apparatus. Yamashita N, Morita M, Legant WR, Chen BC, Betzig E, Yokota H, Mimori-Kiyosue Y. Journal of biomedical optics. 2015; 20(10):101206.

Asymmetric formation of coated pits on dorsal and ventral surfaces at the leading edges of motile cells and on protrusions of immobile cells. Kural C, Akatay AA, Gaudin R, Chen BC, Legant WR, Betzig E, Kirchhausen T. Molecular biology of the cell. 2015; 26(11):2044-53.

Actin depletion initiates events leading to granule secretion at the immunological synapse. Ritter AT, Asano Y, Stinchcombe JC, Dieckmann NM, Chen BC, Gawden-Bone C, van Engelenburg S, Legant W, Gao L, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Griffiths GM. Immunity. 2015; 42(5):864-76.

2014

3D imaging of Sox2 enhancer clusters in embryonic stem cells. Liu Z, Legant WR, Chen BC, Li L, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R. eLife. 2014; 3:e04236.

Single-molecule dynamics of enhanceosome assembly in embryonic stem cells. Chen J, Zhang Z, Li L, Chen BC, Revyakin A, Hajj B, Legant W, Dahan M, Lionnet T, Betzig E, Tjian R, Liu Z. Cell. 2014; 156(6):1274-1285.

Microfabrication of a platform to measure and manipulate the mechanics of engineered microtissues. Ramade A, Legant WR, Picart C, Chen CS, Boudou T. Methods in cell biology. 2014; 121:191-211.

2013

Degradation-mediated cellular traction directs stem cell fate in covalently crosslinked three-dimensional hydrogels. Khetan S, Guvendiren M, Legant WR, Cohen DM, Chen CS, Burdick JA. Nature materials. 2013; 12(5):458-65.

Multidimensional traction force microscopy reveals out-of-plane rotational moments about focal adhesions. Legant WR, Choi CK, Miller JS, Shao L, Gao L, Betzig E, Chen CS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013; 110(3):881-6.

Carbofluoresceins and carborhodamines as scaffolds for high-contrast fluorogenic probes. Grimm JB, Sung AJ, Legant WR, Hulamm P, Matlosz SM, Betzig E, Lavis LD. ACS chemical biology. 2013; 8(6):1303-10.

2012

Force-induced fibronectin assembly and matrix remodeling in a 3D microtissue model of tissue morphogenesis. Legant WR, Chen CS, Vogel V. Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 2012; 4(10):1164-74.

A microfabricated platform to measure and manipulate the mechanics of engineered cardiac microtissues. Boudou T, Legant WR, Mu A, Borochin MA, Thavandiran N, Radisic M, Zandstra PW, Epstein JA, Margulies KB, Chen CS. Tissue engineering. Part A. 2012; 18(9-10):910-9.

Physically-induced cytoskeleton remodeling of cells in three-dimensional culture. Lee SL, Nekouzadeh A, Butler B, Pryse KM, McConnaughey WB, Nathan AC, Legant WR, Schaefer PM, Pless RB, Elson EL, Genin GM. PloS one. 2012; 7(12):e45512.

2011

Diffusion of MMPs on the surface of collagen fibrils: the mobile cell surface-collagen substratum interface. Collier IE, Legant W, Marmer B, Lubman O, Saffarian S, Wakatsuki T, Elson E, Goldberg GI. PloS one. 2011; 6(9):e24029.

2010

Measurement of mechanical tractions exerted by cells in three-dimensional matrices. Legant WR, Miller JS, Blakely BL, Cohen DM, Genin GM, Chen CS. Nature methods. 2010; 7(12):969-71.

Bioactive hydrogels made from step-growth derived PEG-peptide macromers. Miller JS, Shen CJ, Legant WR, Baranski JD, Blakely BL, Chen CS. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(13):3736-43.

2009

Microfabricated tissue gauges to measure and manipulate forces from 3D microtissues. Legant WR, Pathak A, Yang MT, Deshpande VS, McMeeking RM, Chen CS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106(25):10097-102.

High-throughput measurements of hydrogel tissue construct mechanics. Marquez JP, Legant W, Lam V, Cayemberg A, Elson E, Wakatsuki T. Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods. 2009; 15(2):181-90.

<2008

Microfabricated post-array-detectors (mPADs): an approach to isolate mechanical forces. Desai R, Yang M, Sniadecki N, Legant W, Chen C. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. 2007; (7):311.

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